Understanding Eczema: Causes, Triggers, and Management

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, affects approximately 31.6 million Americans. If you're one of them, understanding your condition is the first step toward effective management.

What Is Eczema?

Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It's not contagious and often runs in families, frequently appearing alongside asthma and hay fever in what's known as the "atopic triad."

The condition results from a combination of genetic factors affecting the skin barrier and immune system dysregulation. When the skin barrier is compromised, it loses moisture more easily and becomes more susceptible to irritants and allergens.

Common Triggers

Understanding and avoiding your personal triggers is crucial for managing eczema flares:

Environmental Triggers

• Dry air and low humidity
• Extreme temperatures (hot or cold)
• Dust mites and pet dander
• Pollen and mold

Lifestyle Triggers

• Stress and emotional factors
• Certain foods (varies by individual)
• Fragranced products
• Harsh soaps and detergents
• Rough fabrics like wool

Building Your Management Plan

Daily Moisturization

The cornerstone of eczema management is consistent moisturization. Apply a thick, fragrance-free moisturizer or ointment immediately after bathing while skin is still damp. Look for products containing ceramides, which help restore the skin barrier.

Gentle Bathing

Take lukewarm (not hot) baths or showers for no more than 10-15 minutes. Use gentle, fragrance-free cleansers only where needed—armpits, groin, hands, and feet. Pat skin dry gently rather than rubbing.

Medical Treatments

Depending on severity, your dermatologist may recommend:

• Topical corticosteroids: For reducing inflammation during flares
• Topical calcineurin inhibitors: Non-steroidal alternatives for sensitive areas
• Newer treatments: JAK inhibitors and biologics for moderate-to-severe cases

When to See a Dermatologist

Seek professional help if:

• Over-the-counter treatments aren't controlling symptoms
• Eczema is affecting sleep or daily activities
• You notice signs of infection (increased redness, warmth, pus, or fever)
• You're unsure if your condition is eczema

With the right treatment plan and lifestyle modifications, most people with eczema can effectively manage their symptoms and maintain healthy, comfortable skin.